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EXERCISES.

______

 EXERCISE I.  (Introduction, p. 3).

1. What do you understand by the language of a people?  2. Distinguish between phonetics and alphabetics.  3. Define grammar.  4. Contrast our present language with what it was in the fifth century.  5. Account for the difference.  6. What part of grammar is unnecessary except in a written language?  7. Distinguish between orthography and etymology.  8. Show the connection between syntax and prosody.

EXERCISE II. (Sounds and Letters, p.5).

1. Show the difference between a vowel and a consonant.  2. Say which are the vowels in the following words: young, wonder, worth, hypercritical, abstemious, yell, iota.  3. Name the diphthongs, if any, in continuous, idea, shoeing, join, oasis, reason, porous, variety, spontaneity.  4. How are consonants classified?  5. Select the dentals and gutturals from the following words: dog, gate, gentle, truth, thank, hog, gymnastic, pneumatic, drink, conquered.  6. Select the palatals and labials from the following words: Job, Benjamin, archiepiscopate, bdellium, method, psalm, yacht.  7. Distinguish between mutes and spirants.  8. Show which are the dental and which the palatal spirants in scissors, rush, shawl, zealously, laziness, azimuth, zephyr, harass.  9. Change as many as you can of the following into corresponding sharp sounds: bad, dove, dig, bag, bathe, gad, beg, Jude, dug, Jove, gab, jug.  10. Reduce the following sharp to flat sounds: pack, buck, cat, set, trick, chick, pet.  11. Classify the consonants in the word fundamental.

EXERCISE III. (The Alphabet, p. 7).

1. What is an alphabet?  2. Trace the growth of the alphabet.  3. What are the characteristics of a true alphabet?  4. Prove our alphabet faulty.  5. Which are the redundant letters?

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EXERCISE IV. (Nouns, p. 9).

1. What is a noun?  2. How are nouns classified?  3. Define abstract nouns.  4. Classify the nouns in the following:—

(a) “Come forth into the light of things,
       Let nature be your teacher.”—Wordsworth.

(b) “Welcome, learn’d Cicero! whose blessed tongue and wit
       Preserves Rome’s greatness yet.”—Cowley.

(c) “All in the Downs the fleet lay moor’d.”—Dibdin.

(d) “Poictiers and Cressy tell,
       When most their pride did swell.”—Drayton.

(e) “Life without industry is guilt, and industry without art is brutality.”—Ruskin.

(f) Parliament was prorogued. The troop returned to barracks. The jury disagreed. Many a congregation missed him. The flock was driven down the lane.

5. Make abstract nouns of true, noble, young, king, patient, man, lord, intrude, rogue, slave, poor, domain, catechise, exemplify.

EXERCISE V.

Classify the nouns in the following:—

(a) “Young Henry met the foe with pride;
            Jane followed, fought! ah, hapless story!
       In man’s attire, by Henry’s side,
            She died for love, and he for glory.”—T. Dibdin.

(b) “Though I fly to Istamboul,
       Athens holds my heart and soul.”—Byron.

(c) “The time I’ve lost in wooing,
       In watching and pursuing
            The light that lies
            In woman’s eyes,
       Has been my heart’s undoing.”—T. Moore.

(d) “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife,
       Their sober wishes never learn’d to stray.”—Gray.

EXERCISE VI. (Gender, p. 11).

1. What is inflexion?  2. Define gender.  3. Give the different ways in which gender is marked.  4. Give the gender of Londoner, chief, señor, actor, debtor, sailor, kitten, sheep, charity, knave, moon, ant, spouse, bee, laundress.  5. Give the masculine of spinster, doe, slut, ewe, nymph, bride, heifer, Harriet, infanta, baxter, lass, czarina, vixen.  6. Write the feminine of man, widower, patron, drake, marquis, gan-

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der, friar, sire, benefactor, executor, tutor, hart.  7. What is the feminine corresponding to each of the following? son, nephew, earl, boar, Paul, gaffer, filly.  8. Arrange the words in (4) and (5) as of Teutonic or of Latin origin.

EXERCISE VII. (Number, p. 15).

1. Define number.  2. Give the chief ways of forming plurals.  3. Supply the plurals of child, chief, cloth, calf, horse, table, Dutchman, German, Henry, Babylon, trout, week, fly, solo, monkey, commander-in-chief, index, boot, foot.  4. Also of House of Parliament, mouse, lily, turkey, gas, box, genius, Mr Jones, canto, penny, crisis, Miss Foote, Lord Mayor, lady-help, relief, dye, buoy, colloquy, clearer-up, spoonful.  5. Write the singulars of kine, sheep, tenori, radii, series, data, dice, analyses, cherubim, hosen (Dan., chap. iii. ver. 21).  6. Distinguish between pease, and peas, brothers and brethren, dies and dice, geniuses and genii.  7. Justify the use of each of the following: memorandums, foci, indices, bandits, funguses, seraphs.  8. State the number of each of the nouns in the following:—

(a) “The audience were too much interested.”—Scott.

(b) “The court were seated for judgment.”—Id.

(c) “The garrison only bestow a few bolts on it.”—Id.

(d) “The House of Lords were so much influenced.”—Hume.

(e) “The weaker sex themselves.”—Id.

(f) “All his tribe are blind.”—Bunyan.

EXERCISE VIII.

State the kind and number of each of the nouns in the following:—

(a) “He sees that this great round-about,
       The world with all its motley rout,—
            Church, army, physic, law,
       Its customs and its businesses,
       Is no concern at all of his.”—Cowper.

(b) “Nature is but the name for an effect,
       Of which the cause is God.”—Id.

(c) “Perhaps thou wert a priest—if so, my struggles
      Are vain, for priestcraft never owns its juggles.”—Horace Smith.

(d) “The rose is fairest when ‘tis budding new,
       And hope is brightest when it dawns from fears.”—Scott.

(e) “A look of kind Truth, a word of Goodwill,
            Are the magical helps on Life’s road;
      With a mountain to travel they shorten the hill,
            With a burden they lighten the load.”
                                                            —Eliza Cook.

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EXERCISE IX.

Give the kind, gender, and number of the nouns in the following:—

(a) “A baby was sleeping, its mother was weeping,
      For her husband was far on the wild raging sea.”—S. Lover.

(b) “Perhaps that very hand, now pinion’d flat,
            Has hob-a-nobb’d with Pharaoh, glass to glass;
      Or dropp’d a halfpenny in Homer’s hat,
            Or doff’d thine own to let Queen Dido pass,
      Or held, by Solomon’s own invitation,
      A torch at the great Temple’s dedication.”—Horace Smith.

(c) “Britannia needs no bulwark,
            No towers along the steep.”—Campbell.

(d) “He spoke of the grass, and flowers, and trees,
       Of the singing birds, and the humming bees,
       Then talked of the haying, and wonder’d whether
       The cloud in the west would bring foul weather.”—J. G. Whittier.

EXERCISE X. (Case, p. 19).

1. Define case.  2. For what cases are nouns inflected?  3. What determines the nominative case?  4. Define nominative absolute.  5. Show the two ways of denoting the possessive case.  6. Define cognate object.  7. Why are dative objects so called?  8. Give the meaning of factitive as applied to the objective case.  9. What is an adverbial object.

EXERCISE XI.

Select the nominatives in the following:—

1. The bloom falls in May.  2. The ostriches’ heads were not to be seen.  3. “The kine,” said he, “I’ll quickly feed.”  4. The kine were fed.  5. The captain falling ill, the boatswain took charge.  6. A wandering minstrel am I.  7. Here lies the body of a noble man.  8. Richard, they say, was cruel.  9. The bell ringing, the children assembled.  10. Richard, William’s son, was killed in the New Forest.  11. Go quickly.  12. A number of sheep, losing their way, fell over the precipice.  13. Rattle his bones over the stones.  14. The guide falling ill, the travellers had to rely on his dog.  15. Ah! Charlie, my son, you cheer your old mother!

EXERCISE XII.

Point out the objective case in each of the following sentences:—

1. Britannia rules the waves.  2. Pardon me.  3. I beg your pardon.  4. To-night no moon I see.  5. How many birds did they catch?  6. He rode two miles.  7. The king conferred with the general.  8.

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The children laughed at the squirrel.  9. Let me die the death of the righteous.  10. The crooked oak I’ll fell to-day.  11. A liar who can trust?  12. We know a tree by its fruit.  13. He told a good tale.  14. The boy sneered at the idea.  15. Richard slew his godfather, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the king-maker.

EXERCISE XIII.

Write the following in the ordinary possessive form:—

1. The bark of a dog.  2. The twitter of the swallows.  3. The books of John.  4. The spades of the workmen.  5. The studies of James.  6. The scissors of Miss Cissy Moses.  7. The lute of Orpheus.  8. The sword of Achilles.  9. The subscriptions of the ladies.  10. The death of the Marquis of Londonderry.  11. The cries of the babies.  12. The marriage of Richard, Earl of Cambridge.  13. The innocence of the lilies.  14. The head of a sheep.  15. The tails of sheep.  16. The jubilee of Victoria, Queen of England.  17. The sake of my conscience.

EXERCISE XIV.

Give particulars of the cases of each of the nouns in the following:—

1. Toll for the brave.  2. Flaxen was his hair.  3. Ho, gunners! fire a loud salute.  4. Give the man a draught from the spring.  5. The parson told the sexton, and the sexton toll’d the bell.  6. Boys, you deserve to have a holiday given you.  7. It is very like a whale.  8. In this place ran Cassius’ dagger through.  9. He paid him the debt for conscience’ sake.  10. The king’s baker dreamed a dream.  11. The lady lent the boy ‘Robinson Crusoe.’  12. Bid your wife be judge.  13. The Count of Anjou became leader.   14. Joan seemed a holy woman.  15. Charles appointed Buckingham commander.  16. Let the actors play the play.  17. John walked two hours and travelled seven miles.  18. How many hired servants of my father’s have bread enough.  19. I have a sixpence, but no pennies.  20. Benjamin, Joseph’s own brother, Jacob’s youngest son, was kept a prisoner.

EXERCISE XV.

State fully the cases of the nouns in the following:—

1. The sergeant choosing the tallest, the other recruits dispersed.  2. Old Kaspar’s work was done.  3. William, sing a song.  4. She made the poor girl a dress.  5. She knitted all day.  6. The tide floated the vessel.  7. The boy swam his little boat.  8. Let the king be your leader.  9. A small hole will sink a ship.  10. Let bygones be bygones.

11. It rains, it hails, it blows, it snows,
      Methinks I’m wet thro’ all my clothes.

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EXERCISE XVI.

Parse fully all the nouns occurring in the sentences quoted below:—

(a) “Trusse up thy packe, and trudge from me, to every little boy,
       And tell them thus from me, their time most happy is,
       If to theyr time they reason had to know the truth of this.”
                                                                    —The Earl of Surrey.

(b) “Underneath this sable hearse
       Lies the subject of all verse,
       Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother.”—Ben Jonson.

(c) “Give me a looke, give me a face,
       That makes simplicitie a grace.”—Id.

(d) “His house was known to all the vagrant train;
       He chid their wand’rings, but relieved their pain.”—Goldsmith.

(e) “Yet shall poor Tom find pleasant weather,
            When He, who all commands,
       Shall give, to call life’s crew together,
            The word to pipe all hands.”—C. Dibdin.

EXERCISE XVII. (Pronouns, p. 23).

1. Define a pronoun, and give derivation.  2. What is a personal pronoun?  3. What are the only pronouns that can be used in the vocative case?  4. Which person alone takes distinction of gender?  5. What is an interrogative pronoun?  6. Distinguish between who and what, ye and you, thy and thine, and me and myself.  7. Explain the ch in which, the m in whom, the ther in whether, and the t in it.  8. “They who run may read”—where is the conjunction for these two sentences?  9. When are reflexive pronouns used? 10. Define a distributive pronoun.

EXERCISE XVIII.

Give the kind, gender, number, person, and case of each of the pronouns below:—

(a) “I am monarch of all I survey,
       My right there is none to dispute.”—Cowper.

(b) “You yourself are much condemn’d.”—Shakespeare.

(c) “Little children, love one another.”—Bible.

(d) “Few shall part where many meet.”—Campbell.

(e) “Who would fill a coward’s grave?”—Burns.

(f) “You wrong’d yourself to write in such a case.”—Shakespeare.

(g) “Each had his place appointed, each his course.”—Milton.

(h) “Right as a serpent hideth him under flowers.”—Chaucer.

(i) “Of them He chose twelve, whom also He named apostles.”—Bible.

(j) “The stars are out by twos and threes.”—Wordsworth.

(k) “He is the freeman whom the truth makes free,
       And all are slaves besides.”—Cowper.

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EXERCISE XIX.

Parse the relatives and antecedents in the following:—

(a)                    “To know
      That which before us lies in daily life,
      Is the prime wisdom.”—Milton.

(b) “Who steals my purse steals trash.”—Shakespeare.

(c) “He prayeth best, who loveth best
       All things, both great and small.”—Coleridge.

(d) “Freedom has a thousand charms to show,
       That slaves, howe’er contented, never know.”—Cowper.

(e) “Vain, very vain, my weary search to find
       That bliss which only centres in the mind.”—Goldsmith.

(f) “Be strong, live happy, and love; but first of all,
       Him whom to love is to obey.”—Milton.

(g) “Whoever lov’d, that lov’d not at first sight?”—Shakespeare.

(h) “There were none of the Grograms but could sing a song, or of the Marjorams but could tell a story.”—Goldsmith.

(i) “Whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.”—Bible.

(j) “Let such teach others, who themselves excel.”—Pope.

EXERCISE XX.

Parse fully the nouns and pronouns in the following:—

(a) “That thee is sent receive in buxomness.”—Chaucer.

(b) “Forth, pilgrim forth—on, best out of thy stall,
       Look up on high, and thank the God of all.”—Id.

(c) “The place that she had chosen out,
            Herself in to repose,
      Had they come down, the gods no doubt
            The very same had chose.”—Drayton.

(d) “So, Willy, let you and me be wipers
       Of scores out with all men, especially pipers:
       And, whether they pipe us free from rats or from mice,
       If we’ve promised them aught, let us keep our promise.”—Browning.

(e) “Let beeves and home-bred kine partake
       The sweets of Burn-mill meadow;
       The swan on still Saint Mary’s lake
       Float double, swan and shadow.”—Wordsworth.

EXERCISE XXI. (Adjectives, p. 28).

1. Define an adjective.  2. Show the twofold function of an adjective.  3. Name the kinds of adjectives.  4. Give the derivation of each

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name.  5. In what ways may quantitative adjectives be used?  6. How are numeral adjectives classified?   7. What adjectives are inflected for number?  8. What adjectives are inflected for comparison?  9. How is the comparative formed?  10. Distinguish between further and farther, older and elder, later and latter.  11. Write the ordinals of one, two, three, four, forty, eight, twenty, hundred, five, twelve.

EXERCISE XXII.

Classify the adjectives in the following:—

1. “In the body politic, as in the natural body, morbid languor succeeds morbid excitement.”—Macaulay.  2. “So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs.”—Milton.  3. “His ain coat on his back is.”—Old Song.  4. “He was a ready orator, an elegant poet, a skilful gardener, an excellent cook, and a most contemptible sovereign.”—Gibbon.  5. “Tired nature’s sweet restorer, balmy sleep.”—Young.  6. “You gave good words the other day of a bay courser I rode.”—Shakespeare.  7. “The poor man that loveth Christ is richer than the richest man.”—Bunyan.  8. “Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond compare above all living creatures dear.”—Milton.  9. “Fox beat half the lawyers in the House at their own weapons.”—Macaulay.

EXERCISE XXIII.

Parse fully all the adjectives in the following:—

1. “The better part of valour is discretion; in the which better part I have saved my life.”—Shakespeare.  2. “Act well your part; there all the honour lies.”—Pope.  3. “The greater the new power they create, the greater seems their revenge against the old.”—Bulwer.  4. “It was a very low fire indeed for such a bitter night.”—Dickens.  5. “Some three or four of you go, give him courteous conduct to this place.”—Shakespeare.  6. “Many a carol, old and saintly, sang the minstrels.”—Longfellow.  7. “The morning comes cold for a July one.”—Carlyle.  8. “I’ll fill another pipe.”—Sterne.  9. “Our host presented us round to each other.”—Thackeray.  10. “He is one of those wise philanthropists.”—Jerrold.  11. “We two saw you four set on four.”—Shakespeare.  12. “This said, they both betook them several ways.”—Milton.  13. “Blazing London seem’d a second Troy.”—Cowper.

EXERCISE XXIV.

(1) Compare the following adjectives where they admit of it:—

Stout, thin, marvellous, calm, shy, lady-like, gentlemanly, wet, honourable, dead, near, full, prim, lovely, clayey, happy, sad, solar.

(2) Write the positive of

Next, more, inner, last, least, first, inmost, better.

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EXERCISE XXV.

Parse fully the adjectives in the following:—

1. “This dress and that by turns you tried.”—Tennyson.  2. “That sun that warms you here shall shine on me.”—Shakespeare.  3. “Those thy fears might have wrought fears in me.”—Shakespeare.  4. “Can the false-hearted boy have chosen such a tool as yonder fellow?”—Dickens.  5. “Look here, upon this picture, and on this; the counterfeit presentment of two brothers.”—Shakespeare.  6. “My father lived at Blenheim then, yon little stream hard by.”—Southey.

7. “The oracles are dumb;
      No voice or hideous hum
      Runs thro’ the archéd roof in words deceiving.”—Milton.

8. “She stepped upon Sicilian grass,
            Demeter’s daughter, fresh and fair,
    A child of light, a radiant lass,
            And gamesome as the morning air.”—Jean Ingelow.

EXERCISE XXVI.

Parse the nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the following:—

(a) “Lord! Thou dost love Jerusalem,
            Once she was all Thy own:
       Her love Thy fairest heritage,
            Her power Thy glory’s throne.”—Moore.

(b) “As proper men as ever trod upon neat’s leather have gone upon my handiwork.”—Shakespeare.

(c)                    “O, Sir, to wilful men,
      The injuries that they themselves procure
      Must be their schoolmasters.”—Shakespeare.

(d) “True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,
      As those move easiest who have learned to dance.”—Pope.

(e) “Who said that I had given thee up?
      Who said that thou wert sold?”—Mrs Norton.

EXERCISE XXVII. (The Verb, p. 34).

1. Define a verb.  2. What are the two great classes into which verbs are divided?  3. Define a transitive verb.  4. Name the ways in which an intransitive verb may become transitive.  5. What is the test for a prepositional verb?  6. What is an auxiliary?  7. Why are auxiliaries necessary?  8. What is voice?  9. What are the only verbs that can be in the passive voice?  10. Why?  11. How is the passive voice formed?

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EXERCISE XXVIII.

Classify the verbs in the following into transitive and intransitive:—

(a)                                “Who reads
       Incessantly, and to his reading brings not
       A spirit and judgement equal or superior,
       Uncertain and unsettled still remains.”—Milton.

(b) “As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,
       I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.”—Pope.

(c) “I think, articulate, I laugh and weep,
       And exercise all the functions of a man;
       How then should I and any man that lives
       Be strangers to each other?”—Cowper.

(d) “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever;
       Its loveliness increases; it will never
       Pass into nothingness.”—Keats.

(e) “He prayeth best, who loveth best
            All things, both great and small;
       For the dear God who loveth us,
            He made and loveth all.”—Coleridge.

EXERCISE XXIX.

Arrange the following verbs as prepositional or causative:—

1. The magistrate swore in the constables.  2. The goodness of the soil soon raised a crop.  3. I have spoken to a man who once baited a hook and drew in a pike.  4. The gardener will fell the tree, and lay out the borders.  5. The pirates having jeered at the threats, sank the ship.  6. Some of the children will fly kites, others swim boats.  7. Tom will run his pony up and down.  8. They glory in little faults, wink at great ones, and cough down the remonstrances of the wise men.

9. “A falcon, towering in her pride of place,
      Was by a mousing owl hawk’d at and killed.”—Shakespeare.

EXERCISE XXX.

Rewrite the first eight sentences in the foregoing exercise in the passive voice.

EXERCISE XXXI.

Give particulars of the tense of each of the verbs in the following:—

(a) “The king is come to marshal us, all in his armour drest.”—Macaulay.

(b) “I would not have believed it unless I had happened to have been there.”—Dickens.

(c) “I am, I will, I shall be happy.”—Lytton.

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(d) You are fighting a shadow.  (e) I shall have had enough of this.  (f) Why came ye hither?  (g) Knew ye not what they had lost?  (h) We know not, neither do we care.  (i) A man who had lost his way, stopped till a boy came sauntering along.  (j) “Am I in the right road for London?” said the man.  (k) “Yes,” was the reply; “but you will not get there till you have walked twelve miles.” (l) “I have been walking three hours already, and I shall have been travelling a whole day ere I reach my journey’s end.”

EXERCISE XXXII.

State the mood of each of the verbs in the following, and point out the gerunds and participles:—

(a) “I dare do all that may become a man:
       Who dares do more is none.”—Shakespeare.

(b) “Now, wherefore stopp’st thou me?”—Coleridge.

(c) “Truth from his lips prevail’d with double sway,
       And fools who came to scoff remained to pray.”—Goldsmith.

(d)                                “Well, sit we down,
       And let us hear Bernardo speak of this.”—Shakespeare.

(e) “I watched the little circles die.”—Tennyson.

(f) “I am ashamed to observe you hesitate.”—Scott.

(g) “Come unto these yellow sands,
       And then take hands;
       Curtsied when you have, and kissed,
       (The wild waves whist)
       Foot it featly here and there.”—Shakespeare.

(h) “I do not think my sister so to seek.”—Milton.

(i) “Cromwell, I did not think to shed a tear
       In all my misery, but thou hast forc’d me
       Out of thine honest truth to play the woman.
       Let’s dry our eyes, and thus far hear me, Cromwell.”—Shakespeare.

EXERCISE XXXIII.

Select the auxiliaries from the following sentences, and show the force of each:—

(a) “I did send to you for gold.”—Shakespeare.

(b) “The king is come to marshal us.”—Macaulay.

(c) “Full fathom five thy father lies;
            Of his bones are coral made:
       Those are pearls that were his eyes,
            Nothing of him that doth fade.”—Shakespeare.

(d) “The lark has sung his carol in the sky,
       The bees have humm’d their noon-tide lullaby.”—Rogers.

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(e) “He was—whatever thou hast been,
       He is—what thou shalt be.”—Montgomery.

(f) “I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?”—Shakespeare.

(g) “Must I then leave you?”—Id.

(h) I shall be drowned if none will save me!  (i) Will he not come again?  (j) We have been thinking over the matter.  (k) The soldiers are to be marching by six o’clock. (l) By Friday they will have been working four days.  (m) Do try to come early.  (n) He could have been there had he wished to have been seen by his old friends.

EXERCISE XXXIV.

Arrange the verbs in Exercises XXVII. to XXXIII. as strong or weak.

EXERCISE XXXV.

1. Of what verbs is the verb be made up?  2. Give the four ways in which this verb is used.  3. State the use of be in each of the following instances: (a) “Whatever is, is right.”—Pope.  (b) Thou art the man.  (c) I shall be there.  (d) They are to resign.  (e) David was a bold man.  (f) The men will be chosen by lot.  (g) He is gone to his grave.  (h) “Be off!” cried the old man to the boys who were teasing him.

EXERCISE XXXVI.

1. Give the mood auxiliaries.  2. Name the tense auxiliaries, and give the limitation of each. 3. Why are can and may called defective verbs?  4. In what tense is the verb must never used?  5. What was the original meaning of the word?  6. And what is its present idea?

EXERCISE XXXVII. (Adverbs, p. 57).

1. Define an adverb.  2. In what two ways may adverbs be classified?  3. Show the twofold function of a conjunctive adverb.  4. Give the classification of adverbs according to their meaning.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

Arrange as simple or conjunctive the adverbs in the following:—

1. Come where the moonbeams linger.  2. Where are you going?  3. Where the bee sucks, there lurk I.  4. Come in.  5. Look out! Here comes the beadle, so let us run. 6. Who’s there?  7. I know a bank whereon the wild thyme grows.  8. Then out spake bold Horatius.  9. I love my love because my love loves me.  10. Verily here are sweetly scented herbs, therefore will we set us down awhile till our friends leisurely return.

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EXERCISE XXXIX.

Classify all the adverbs in the following:—

(a) “Once again we’ll sleep secure.”—Shakespeare.

(b) “My father lived at Blenheim then,
            Yon little stream hard by.”—Southey.

(c) “Thus have I yielded into your hand
       The circle of my glory.”—Shakespeare.

(d) “Now came still evening on.”—Milton.

(e) “Now the great winds shoreward blow,
       Now the salt tides seaward flow.”—M. Arnold.

(f) “We no longer believe in St Edmund.”—Carlyle.

(g) “What so moves thee all at once?”—Coleridge.

(h) “Vex not thou the poet’s mind.”—Tennyson.

EXERCISE XL.

Parse the adverbs in the following:—

(a) “The solemn peaks but to the stars are known,—
        But to the stars, and the cold lunar beams.”—M. Arnold.

(b) “My life is spann’d already.”—Shakespeare.

(c) “You always put things so pleasantly.”—Bulwer.

(d) “Slow and sure comes up the golden year.”—Tennyson.

(e) “Not all the pearls Queen Mary wears,
       Nor Margaret’s still more precious tears,
            Shall buy his life a day.”—Scott.

(f) “Therefore make her grave straight.”—Shakespeare.

(g) “Why holds thine eye that melancholy rheum?”—Id.

(h) A very inquisitive child once saucily asked of an exceedingly needy-looking man, “Where do you most generally dine?” Immediately the all but actually starving man replied somewhat sadly, though quite smartly withal, “Near anything I may get to eat.”

EXERCISE XLI.

Parse fully the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs in the following:—

(a) “Go out, children, from the mine and from the city,
        Sing out, children, as the little thrushes do:
      Pluck your handfuls of the meadow cowslips pretty,
        Laugh aloud, to feel your fingers let them through.”
                                                            —Mrs Browning.

(b) “None of us yet know, for none of us have yet been taught in early youth, what fairy palaces we may build of beautiful thought—proof against all adversity.”—Ruskin.

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EXERCISE XLII.  (Prepositions, p. 58).

Select the prepositions in the following, and say what they connect and govern:—

1. In the corner of the box near the bench behind the door, is the picture of a man without a coat to his back.  2. Notwithstanding he had returned with wood, they sent for some more.  3. The lady in violet is in mourning.  4. Respecting the scholars, all but Charles read through the chapter concerning Galileo.  5. Whom are you writing to?  6. Come in, Puss, to your kittens.  7. That is the book I spoke about.

EXERCISE XLIII.

1. Define a preposition.  2. What words are affected by prepositions?  3. Give a list of simple prepositions.  4. Show the composition of the following prepositions: but, beside, after, until, aboard, beneath, among, beyond.

EXERCISE XLIV.  (Conjunctions, p. 60).

1. Define a conjunction.  2. What is a subordinate conjunction?  3. Classify the conjunctions in the following:—

(a) “My hair is grey, but not with years,
            Nor grew it white
            In a single night.”—Byron                    

(b) “Neither a borrower nor a lender be.”—Shakespeare.

(c) “Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen.”—Milton.

(d) “Man never is, but always to be blest.”—Pope.

(e) “Must I then leave you?”—Shakespeare.

(f) “Wealth may seek us, but wisdom must be sought.”—Young.

(g) “I saw Mark Antony offer him a crown; yet it was not a crown neither.”—Shakespeare.

EXERCISE XLV. (Syntax, p. 64).

1. What determines the “part of speech” a word is?  2. Define syntax.  3. Into what two parts may it be divided?  4. What two questions might be asked concerning each word in a sentence?  5. State the principle concords existing in the English language.  6. Name the chief instances of government in our language.

EXERCISE XLVI.

Give full particulars of all nominatives in the following quotations:—

(a)                    “So work the honey bees,
      Creatures that by a rule in nature teach
      The art of order to a peopled kingdom.”—Shakespeare.

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(b) “Clatters each plank and swinging chain.”—Scott.

(c) “A white wall is the paper of a fool.”—G. Herbert.

(d) “I that speak to thee am he.”—Bible.

(e) “Thus now alone he conqueror remains.”—Spenser.

(f) “He returned a friend who came a foe.”—Pope.

(g) “Ah, then, what honest triumph flush’d my breast!
       This truth once known—To bless is to be blest!”—Goldsmith.

(h) “Ho! gallant nobles of the League, look that your arms be bright.”—Macaulay.

EXERCISE XLVII.

Explain the possessives in the following:—

(a) “She sent the deathless passion in her eyes
       Thro’ him, and made him hers, and laid her mind
       On him, and he believed in her belief.”—Tennyson.

(b) “Then shall man’s pride and dullness comprehend
        His actions’, passions’, being’s use and end.”—Pope.

(c) “Ere thou remark another’s sin,
       Bid thy own conscience look within.”—Gay.

(d) “Anything that money would buy had been his son’s.”—Thackeray.

(e) “Though dark be my way, since He is my guide,
       ’Tis mine to obey, ’tis His to provide.”—J. Newton.

EXERCISE XLVIII.

Give full particulars of all the objectives in the following:—

(a) “Your tanner will last you nine year.”—Shakespeare.

(b) “There were some that ran, and some that leapt
        Like troutlets in a pool.”—Hood.

(c) “He has two essential parts of a courtier, pride and ignorance.”—Ben Jonson.

(d) “I would gladly look him in the face.”—Shakespeare.

(e) “Clearing the fence, he cried “Halloo!”

(f) “They made him captain, and he gave them orders to sail the boat six leagues south of the point.

EXERCISE XLIX.

1. How are most adjectives inflected?  2. In what two ways are adjectives used?  Classify those in the following in accordance with your last answer:—

(a) “When I was dry with rage and extreme toil,
       Breathless and faint, leaning upon my sword,
       Came there a certain lord, neat, trimly dress’d.”—Shakespeare.

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(b) “Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
            More dreadful from each foreign stroke;
       As the loud blast that tears the skies
            Serves but to root thy native oak.”—Thomson.

(c) “They considered themselves fortunate in making the children happy, and in rendering the despairing hopeful.”

EXERCISE L.

1. In what way is a participle an adjective?  2. What function of a verb does it retain?  3. What number is used with the distributives?  4. Say all that is necessary of the adjectives below:—

(a) “Each horseman drew his battle blade,
       And furious every charger neighed.”—Campbell.

(b)                    “He made me mad
       To see him shine so brisk and smell so sweet
       And talk so like a waiting-gentlewoman.”—Shakespeare.

(c) “Sweet Isle! within thy rock-girt shore is seen
       Nature in her sublimest dress arrayed.”—E. Foskett.

(d) “Into the valley of death
       Rode the six hundred.”—Tennyson.

(e) “A form more fair, a face more sweet,
       Ne’er hath it been my lot to meet.”—J. G. Whittier.

(f) “Hard lot! encompass’d with a thousand dangers;
      Weary, faint, trembling with a thousand terrors,
       I’m call’d, if vanquish’d, to receive a sentence
                  Worse than Abiram’s.”—Cowper.

EXERCISE LI.

Show the agreement of the pronouns with nouns in the following:—

(a) “On she came with a cloud of canvas,
        Right against the wind that blew.”—Coleridge.

(b) “Who said that I had given thee up?
       Who said that thou wert sold?”—Mrs Norton.

(c) “She lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d,
       And I lov’d her that she did pity them.”—Shakespeare.

(d) “The eye—it cannot choose but see;
            We cannot bid the ear be still;
       Our bodies feel, where’er they be,
            Against, or with our will.”—Wordsworth.

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EXERCISE LII.

Show the concords of the antecedents and relatives in the following:—

(a) “Now glory to the Lord of Hosts, from whom all glories are.”—Macaulay.

(b) “Not a pine in my grove is there seen,
       But with tendrils of woodbine is bound.”—Shenstone.

(c) “This sword a dagger had, his page,
       That was but little for his age.”—Butler.

(d) “My banks they are furnished with bees,
       Whose murmur invites one to sleep.”—Shenstone.

(e) “Then palaces shall rise; the joyful son
       Shall finish what his short-lived sire begun.”—Pope.

EXERCISE LIII.

Show the concord of each verb in the following with its subject, and quote the rule in each case:—

(a) “I sing the birth was born to-night
       The author both of life and light.”—Ben Jonson.

(b) “Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
       Thou art not so unkind
            As man’s ingratitude.”—Shakespeare.

(c)                    “Sundays the pillars are
       On which heaven’s palace archèd lies.”—G. Herbert.

(d) “Can storied urn or animated bust
       Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?”—Gray.

(e) “Our company were now arrived within a mile of Highgate.”—Fielding.

(f) “Neither a borrower nor a lender be.”—Shakespeare.

EXERCISE LIV.

Point out the governing verbs and their objects in the following:—

(a) “He gave to misery all he had, a tear.”—Gray.

(b) “They made me queen of the May.”—Tennyson.

(c) “Thou hast a tongue, come, let us hear its tune.”—Horace Smith.

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(d) “Past all dishonour,
       Death has left on her
                Only the beautiful.”—T. Hood.

(e) “Methinks we must have known some former state.”—L.E. Landon.

(f) “To scatter plenty o’er a smiling land,
      And read their history in a nation’s eyes,
      Their lot forbade.”—Gray.

EXERCISE LV.

Explain fully the mood of each verb in the following:—

(a) “Had I a heart for falsehood framed,
            I ne’er could injure you.”—Sheridan.

(b) “The good of ancient times let others state;
        I think it lucky I was born so late.”—Sydney Smith.

(c) “Oh, then, while hums the earliest bee,
            Where verdure fires the plain,
       Walk thou with me, and stoop to see
            The glories of the lane!”—Eb. Elliott.

(d) “They make obeisance and retire in haste,
        To soon to seek again the watery waste:
        Yet they repine not—so that Conrad guides,
        And who dare question aught when he decides?”—Byron.

EXERCISE LVI.

Distinguish between gerunds and infinitives in the following:—

(a) “To gild refinèd gold, to paint the lily,
       To throw a perfume on the violet,
       To smooth the ice, or add another hue
       Unto the rainbow, or with taper light
       To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish,
       Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.”—Shakespeare.

(b) “To make mankind, in conscious virtue bold,
       Live o’er each scene, and be what they behold:
       For this the tragic muse first trod the stage,
       Commanding tears to stream through every age.”—Pope.

(c) “Good-night, good-night! parting is such sweet sorrow
       That I shall say good-night till it be morrow.”—Shakespeare.

(d) “In framing an artist, art hath thus decreed,
       To make some good, but others to exceed”—Id.

(e) “Giving is better than receiving.”

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EXERCISE LVII.

Explain all the adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions in the following:—

(a) “Bunyan’s famed Pilgrim rests that shelf upon:
       A genius rare but rude was honest John.”—Crabbe.

(b) “A second man I honour, and still more highly: him who is seen toiling for the spiritually indispensable; not daily bread, but the bread of life.”—Carlyle.

(c) “This only grant me, that my means may lie
       To low for envy, for contempt too high.”—Cowley.

(d) “A man that looks on glass,
            On it may stay his eye
      Or, if he pleaseth, through it pass,
            And then the heavens espy.”—G. Herbert.

(e) “All precious things, discovered late,
            To those that seek them issue forth;
       For Love in sequel works with Fate.”—Tennyson.

ANALYSIS (p. 86).

EXERCISE I.

1. What is a sentence?  2. Of what two parts must it consist?  3. What can form a subject?  4. Define a predicate.  5. What is necessary for the completion of some predicates?  6. Why are these completions called objects?

EXERCISE II.

Arrange in columns the subjects in the following, and say of what each consists:—

(a) The potato is wholesome.  (b) Eat it.  (c) “Hush!” said the mother.  (d) “Hurrah!” rang from the ranks.  (e) The lazy take most pains.  (f) Thinking leads to action.  (g) To learn meagrely means to beg eagerly.  (h) Who loves not liberty?  (i) Amassing wealth oft ruins health.  (j) “Bravo!” shouted the audience.  (k) Laughing is contagious.

EXERCISE III.

Supply subjects, and so make sentences of the following:—

(a) —— shall clothe a man with rags.  (b) —— catch mice.  (c) —— is a good dog.  (d) —— tips the little hills with gold.  (e) —— discovered America.  (f) —— was killed by Brutus.  (g) —— deserves play.  (h) —— does not love his home?  (i) —— makes a glad father.  (j) —— fell great oaks.

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EXERCISE IV.

Select the predicates in the following, and say of what each consists:—

1. A cheery old soul lives here.  2. It rains.  3. A live dog is better than a dead lion.  4. I am not the king.  5. The idle procrastinate.  6. The dead alone are happy.  7. We are all here.  8. Charity beareth all things.  9. Heroes die once.  10. No one loves a coward.

EXERCISE V.

Supply predicates to the following subjects:—

1. Short reckonings ——.  2. Boys ——.  3. A man ——.  4. Gold ——.  5. Diamonds ——.  6. A stitch in time ——.  7. David ——.  8. Lazy workmen ——.  9. Puss in boots ——.  10. Truth ——.  11. Beauty ——.  12. To be idle ——.

EXERCISE VI.

Select the objects in the following, and say of what each consists:—

(a) We loved him dearly.  (b) The preacher cries “Prepare!”  (c) Ruskin adores the beautiful.  (d) Cats love to lie basking.  (e) Each man plucked a rose.  (f) Who does not love singing?  (g) Friends dislike saying good-bye!  (h) Him they found in great distress.  (i) He destroyed all.  (j) She left none behind.  (k) One sailor saved the other.  (l) One good turn deserves another.

EXERCISE VII.

Select the objects, distinguishing between direct and indirect:—

1. Give the knave a groat.  2. Thrice he offered him the crown.  3. He handed his daughter down-stairs.  4. They handed the visitors programmes.  5. The weather promises the anglers fine sport.  6. The boatswain taught the midshipman swimming.  7. Grant us a holiday.  8. The fox paid the crow great attention.  9. Thomas posted his uncle a letter.  10. The sailor-boys often bring their friends curiosities.  11. Play the children a tune.

EXERCISE VIII.

Supply objects to the following:—

1. Waste brings ——.  2. Perseverance merits ——.  3. She taught the little —— a new ——.  4. The postman brought —— a ——.  5. Few men enjoy ——.  6. He gave the poor —— a new ——.  7. The Queen prorogued ——.

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FORMS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES

SCHEME I.

SCHEME II.

SCHEME III.

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SCHEME IV.

Analyse:—

            “Those who are conversant with books well know how often they mislead us, when we have not a living monitor at hand to assist us in comparing theory with practice.”—Junius.

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SCHEME V.

Analyse: “Various were the conjectures of the company on this occasion: some imagined he had mistaken the place of rendezvous, as he had never been at church since he had first settled in that parish; others believed he had met with some accident, in consequence of which his attendants had carried him back to his own house.”—(Smollett.)

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EXERCISE IX.

Analyse the following according to Scheme I.:—

(a) Cowards fear themselves.  (b) He appears earnest.   (c) Swimming teaches self-reliance.  (d) To labour is to pray.  (e) “Beware,” said the sentry.  (f) Make haste.  (g) The bells are chiming.  (h) George told his father the truth.  (i) Stop.  (j) Plumbers stop the leaks.  (k) The pipe leaks.  (l) The field yields the farmer a fortune.  (m) Love not sleep.  (n) Here we are.  (o) The child brought the invalid a garland.  (p) The captain will give the crew a warning.  (q) Luna shows the traveller the way.  (r) Phœbus loves gilding the corn-fields.  (s) Chanticleer announces the morn. (t) Mary, call the cattle.

EXERCISE X.

Of what may enlargements consist?

Point out the enlargements, and say of what kind each is:—

1. A good little girl sat under a tree.  2. Wilful waste makes woful want.  3. A desire to excel actuates Smith, the foreman.  4. A ramble on a summer evening restores the drooping spirit.  5. Feeling sorry, he gave the poor old fellow a hearty meal.  6. William, the captain of the school, knowing the game, taught the new scholars the rules.  7. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.  8. Remembering your duty, visit the sick.

EXERCISE XI.

Supply enlargements in Exercise IX.

EXERCISE XII.

Select the extensions in the following, and say of what each consists:—

1. Sweetly sing soft songs to me.  2. In a whisper she gave them the order.  3. They filled the gardens quickly and completely.  4. Inch by inch the spider travelled.  5. I come to bury Cæsar.  6. Listen patiently to hear the nightingale.  7. Everything passed off successfully.  8. The tide came creeping up the beach.  9. The old man walks with two sticks.

EXERCISE XIII.

Supply extensions to Exercise IX.

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EXERCISE XIV.

Analyse the following sentences according to Scheme II.:—

(a) “I will make thee beds of roses.”—C. Marlowe.

(b) “Then came the Autumne all in yellow clad.”—Spenser.

(c) “Give me my scallop-shell of quiet,
       My staff of faith to walk upon.”—Raleigh.

(d) “Thus clad and fortified, Sir Knight
        From peaceful home set forth to fight.”—Butler.

(e) “Dear Thomas, didst thou ever pop
       Thy head into a tinman’s shop?”—M. Prior.

(f) “One morn a Peri at the gate
       Of Eden stood, disconsolate.”—T. Moore.

(g) “The spirits of your fathers
        Shall start from every wave.”—Campbell.

(h) “The castled crag of Drachenfels
        Frowns o’er the wide and winding Rhine.”—Byron.

EXERCISE XV.

Number the parts of the following sentences according to Scheme III., and say what each is:—

(a) “Sometime we’ll angle in the brook,
       The freckled trout to take.”—M. Drayton.

(b) “The shepherd swains shall dance and sing
       For thy delight each May morning.”—C. Marlowe.

(c) “Read in these roses the sad story
       Of my hard fate, and your own glory.”—Carew.

(d) “Thy gentle flows of guiltless joys,
       On fools and villains ne’er descend.”—Johnson.

(e) “The cheerfu’ supper done, wi’ serious face,
      They, round the ingle, form a circle wide.”—Burns.

EXERCISE XVI.

Analyse the following sentences:—

(a) “Attend, ye gentle powers of musical delight.”—Akenside.

(b)                                “Through the trembling ayre
       Sweet-breathing Zephyrus did softly play.”—Spenser.

(c) “When then shall Hope and Fear their objects find?”—Johnson.

(d) “Close by the regal chair
            Fell Thirst and Famine scowl
            A baleful smile upon their baffled guest.”—Gray.

(e) “The Sundays of a man’s life,
       Threaded together on time’s string,

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       Make bracelets to adorn the wife
       Of the eternal glorious king.”—George Herbert.

(f) “The trenchant blade, Toledo trusty,
       For want of fighting was grown rusty.”—Butler.

(g) “With beating heart to the task he went.”—Scott.

(h) “How calmly gliding through the dark-blue sky,
       The midnight moon ascends!”—Southey.

EXERCISE XVII.

1. What is a compound sentence?  2. How are co-ordinate sentences sometimes contracted?  3. Show that relative pronouns are sometimes used as conjunctions.  4 Analyse the following compound sentences according to Scheme II.:—

(a) “Of conversation sing an ample theme,
       And drink the tea of Heliconian stream.”—Chatterton.

(b) “Come forth into the light of things,
       Let Nature be your teacher.”—Wordsworth.

(c) “He gazed at the flowers with tearful eyes,
            He kissed their drooping leaves.”—Longfellow.

(d) “On piety, humanity is built;
       And, on humanity, much happiness.”—Young.

(e) “On the green bank I sat and listened long.”—Dryden.

(f) “O, young Lochinvar is come out of the west,
      Through all the wide Border his steed was the best,
      And, save his good broadsword, he weapons had none;
      He rode all unarmed, and he rode all alone.”—Scott.

EXERCISE XVIII.

Expand the adjectives in the following into phrases:—

1. A merciful man considers his beast.

2. The mistress scolded the lazy servant.

3. A ragged man went down the lane.

4. The plague carried off the young ones.

5. Numerous birds were found dead.

6. Sailors dislike a dead calm.

EXERCISE XIX.

Expand the adverbs in the following into phrases:—

1. Green seldom tries the eye.

2. The soldiers rested there.

3. The man answered the charge easily.

4. Ill weeds grow apace.

5. Dead dogs never bark.

6. Come quickly.

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EXERCISE XX.

Analyse the sentences in Exercise XVIII. and XIX.

EXERCISE XXI.

1. What is a c